What motivates non-democratic leadership: Evidence from COVID-19 reopenings in China.

We examine Chinese cities' COVID-19 reopening plans as a window into governments' economic and social priorities. We measure reopenings based on official government news announcements, and show that these are predicted by citizen discontent, as captured by Baidu searches for terms such as "unemployment" and "protest" in the prior week. The effects are particularly strong early in the epidemic, indicating a priority on initiating economic recovery as early as possible. These results indicate that even a non-democratic government may respond to citizen concerns, possibly to minimize dissent.